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英语高级词汇:oscillate

据说,古罗马农民习惯在葡萄园里挂一张画着酒神巴克斯 (Bacchus) 的面具,让它在微风中摇来摇去,以此祈福葡萄丰收。

据说,古罗马农民习惯在葡萄园里挂一张画着酒神巴克斯 (Bacchus) 的面具,让它在微风中摇来摇去,以此祈福葡萄丰收。

这种习俗源于古罗马的酒神崇拜,巴克斯是罗马神话中的酒神,对应希腊神话中的狄俄尼索斯,司掌葡萄种植,酿酒与狂欢庆典。这种悬挂的面具在风中摆动,被认为能够驱赶害鸟,保护作物,同时具有宗教还愿和驱邪的象征意义。

△这幅画(也可能是壁画或墓葬装饰)描述的就是悬挂于树上的酒神巴克斯面具。

这种面具被称为 oscillum。

Oscillum 是拉丁语,原意为"小脸"或"小面具"。在考古和艺术史领域,它特指一种用大理石,陶土等材料制成的薄浮雕板,通常中心有孔,用于悬挂。

随风摇摆的oscillum 面具衍生出 oscillate /'ɑːsɪleɪt/ 一词,表示物体的摆动和情绪,水平或价值的波动。

词义

剑桥在线字典对 oscillate 的解释:

Waves oscillate back and forth.波会来回振动。On an oscilloscope, you can see an electrical current oscillate up and down.在示波器上面你可以看到一股电流上下振动。Market sentiment will oscillate quite sharply as usual, possibly producing financial market volatility.市场气氛会如常地摇摆不定,可能会引致金融市场大幅波动。The US president has oscillated in his attitudes towards his Russian and Ukrainian counterparts.美国总统在对待俄罗斯和乌克兰领导人的态度上反复无常。The temperature at Earth's exobase oscillates but is typically about 1,000 kelvins.地球外气层底的温度是不断变动的,不过通常约是1000K。Some oscillation of the fuselage had been noticed on early flights.在起初的几次飞行中就已发现飞机机身有些摇晃。 (n.)His oscillation, as a teenager, between science and art十几岁的他对学文科还是学理科的犹豫不决。(n.)

近义

Oscillate 的近义词按难度级别由低到高:

中学

hesitate /'hezɪteɪt/:犹豫

swing /swɪŋ/:摇摆,改变

四六级

sway /sweɪ/:摇摆,动摇

alternate /'ɔ:ltərnət/:轮流,交替

hover /'hʌvər/:徘徊,不稳定

出国

veer /vɪr/:突然改变

swerve /swɜːrv/:突然转向

see-saw /'si:sɔ:/:摇摆不定

wobble /'wɑːbl/:摇晃,动摇

teeter /'ti:tər/:摇晃,举棋不定

waver /'weɪvər/:动摇,举棋不定

vacillate/'væsəleɪt/:动摇

无级别

yo-yo /'jəʊjəʊ/:摇摆不定

同源

Oscillate 的词根 oscill 表示摇摆,常用同源词:

oscilloscope /ə'sɪləskəʊp/:(显示用)示波器

oscillograph /ə'sɪləgræf/:(记录用)示波器

oscillogram /ə'sɪləgræm/:示波图

△oscilloscope

影视

△Star Wars: The Force Awakens (《星球大战:原力觉醒》2015)

名著

以下文字摘自英国著名理论物理学家,宇宙学家史蒂芬·威廉·霍金 (Stephen William Hawking) 在1988年出版的科普著作《时间简史》(A Brief History of Time) 第7章《黑洞不是这么黑的》(Black Holes Ain't so Black)。

One such black hole could run ten large power stations, if only we could harness its power. This would be rather difficult, however: the black hole would have the mass of a mountain compressed into less than a million millionth of an inch, the size of the nucles of an atom! If you had one of these black holes on the surface of the earth, there would be no way to stop it from falling through the floor to the center of the earth. It would oscillate through the earth and back, until eventually it settled down at the center. So the only place to put such a black hole, in which one might use the energy that it emitted, would be in orbit around the earth-and the only way that one could get it to orbit the earth would be to attract it there by towing a large mass in front of it, rather like a carrot in front of a donkey. This does not sound like a very practical proposition, at least not in the immediate future.

一个这样的黑洞可以开动10个大型的发电站,只要我们能够驾驭黑洞的功率就好了。然而,这是非常困难的:这黑洞把和一座山差不多的质量压缩成比万亿分之一英寸,亦即一个原子核的尺度还小!如果你在地球表面上有这样的一个黑洞,就无法阻止它透过地面落到地球的中心。它会穿过地球而来回振动,直到最后停在地球的中心。所以仅有的放置黑洞并利用之发射出能量的地方是围绕着地球的轨道,而仅有的使它围绕地球公转的办法是,用放在它之前的一个大质量的吸引力去拖它,这和在驴子前面放一根胡萝卜颇相像。至少在最近的将来,这个设想并不现实。

在线阅读 A Brief History of Time:https://www.fisica.net/relatividade/stephen_hawking_a_brief_history_of_time.pdf (复制后在浏览器打开)