东亚与东北亚地区正站在可持续发展的关键十字路口。这一区域既是全球最具活力的经济增长极，也面临着气候变化、人口结构转型、技术革命等多重系统性挑战的叠加考验。从政策协调困境到能源转型压力，从企业合规需求到社会老龄化趋势，各国在追求高质量发展的进程中，既展现出独特的实践智慧，也暴露出深层次的治理难题。

在此背景下，新浪财经对话联合国亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会（UNESCAP，中文简称“亚太经社会”,）东亚及东北亚办事处主任冈包勒德·巴森扎布(GanboldBaasanjav)，探讨东亚在可持续发展中的关键挑战与应对路径，以及如何构建更具韧性、包容性和协同性的区域治理体系。

联合国亚洲及太平洋经济社会委员会东亚及东北亚办事处主任GanboldBaasanjav

强化区域机制，破解治理碎片化困局

巴森扎布指出，各国普遍面临的关键挑战之一是跨部门和跨层级的政策碎片化问题，这通常源于职责分工不同与沟通不足。他提到，各国正日益采取“整体政府”治理模式。此类机制与亚太经社会等区域委员会的职能相契合——作为亚太地区最具包容性的政府间平台，亚太经社会在可持续发展关键政策领域开展工作。因此，巴森扎布表示，可通过多个切入点与成员国及多元利益相关方协作应对共性问题，包括治理挑战。

在巴森扎布看来，一项核心治理挑战在于确保数据可靠性以支撑循证决策。建立数字监测体系、填补数据缺口至关重要，这不仅需要数据可获取，更要求指标充分细分。他进一步说明，生产此类数据需要中央与地方当局投入大量精力，并高度依赖公众信任（尤其要防止数据滥用），这也凸显了健全数据隐私法律及严格执法的必要性。相关工作不仅涉及国家统计机构，还延伸至负责社会、环境和数据管理职能的各行业部委与机构，导致协调难度加大。民间团体和私营部门等其他利益相关方可提供宝贵的质性信息，但这些信息也需经过专业解读才能转化为有效行动。巴森扎布介绍，亚太经社会通过可持续发展目标统计、官方数据系统现代化、大数据、数据科学及数据整合等项目，支持各国政府运用及时优质的数据加强循证治理。

巴森扎布还强调，当挑战涉及跨境性质时，治理方面需特别考量，这些领域往往缺乏国家间及相关利益相关方的联合行动机制。对此，《2030年可持续发展议程》作为一项普遍性议程，正是推动建设性对话的有机聚合点。在此背景下，亚太经社会作为中立召集者，积极推动跨境议题合作。他指出，“东北亚环境合作计划”已成为中国等六国应对空气污染、低碳城市、生物多样性与自然保护、海洋保护区及荒漠化与土地退化等区域环境问题的综合性政府间合作框架。区域框架与协定对于强化各国在机构协调和政策连贯性等治理挑战方面的承诺至关重要。巴森扎布补充说，亚太经社会已与亚太地区实施贸易、运输、能源和数字化互联互通区域协定的国家建立了坚实伙伴关系。

巴森扎布同时谈到，在东亚和东北亚地区，可持续发展的关键治理挑战还体现在持续存在的融资约束——尤其是难以调动充足、目标一致且可预测的长期可持续发展目标实施资源。尽管财政能力相对较强，但公共预算受人口结构变化、气候适应需求和危机后复苏压力所限，制约了对转型政策的持续投资。跨部门、跨层级的碎片化融资，以及调动私人资本工具的不足，进一步加剧了这一问题。在他看来，弥补这些缺口需要建立更完善的综合融资框架，加强财政、规划与行业部门间的协调，并扩大混合融资运用以吸引私人投资。在区域层面，亚太经社会平台可通过推广统一标准、便利发展融资与绿色资金获取、支持可持续发展目标创新融资方案的同行交流等方式发挥积极作用。

从合规到增长：ESG是企业赢得未来发展的战略基石

巴森扎布指出，必须认识到，健全的ESG框架能为企业带来显著效益。在产品与服务设计阶段就尽早考量合规要求，有助于企业预判不断发展的监管期望，并降低未来的转型风险。在东亚乃至全球范围内，政府与跨国公司已大幅扩展了ESG信息披露要求，涵盖劳动保护、碳排放及与可持续发展相关的税收等领域。巴森扎布认为，那些主动规划并履行这些义务的企业，能通过减少由合规问题引发的销售与运营中断，更好地保持在国内外市场的准入资格。

巴森扎布进一步强调，除了降低风险，ESG合规还能提升企业在供应链中的声誉价值与竞争力。采用公认标准与认证的企业，更有可能成为那些寻求稳定、有韧性与透明供应链网络的大型公司的优选和可信赖的供应商。因此，严格遵守信息披露与可持续发展框架，有助于企业获得更稳定的收入来源和实现长期增长。巴森扎布表示，政策工具与市场机制——例如绿色公共采购、贸易与认证生态系统、国际ISO标准等——可能促进也可能制约企业的发展，这取决于企业与这些机制的契合程度。此外，在不少国家，金融机构越来越多地向符合公认ESG标准的企业提供更优惠的融资条件，包括更低利率或更便捷的资本获取渠道。

巴森扎布介绍说，亚太经社会通过其下设的“亚太经社会可持续商业网络（ESBN）”及其专题工作组，将商业界作为实现可持续发展的重要合作伙伴，并通过“亚太商业论坛”促进公私部门对话。ESBN的成员来自亚太地区各行各业的领先企业高管与代表。该网络成功推动了“亚太企业绿色协议”倡议，这彰显了一种共同信念，即企业必须在区域的绿色转型中发挥引领作用。

中国可持续发展：成就显著但转型之路任重道远

巴森扎布指出，中国在实现可持续发展目标方面已取得显著进展。例如，中国承诺到2030年实现碳达峰、2060年实现碳中和，这为提升气候行动雄心提供了变革性路径。

他强调，中国还历史性地消除了极端贫困，并持续致力于改善国内社会生活质量，同时考虑到家庭结构的变化，例如对性别议题响应度的提升以及人口老龄化趋势。

巴森扎布表示，中国一直是亚太经社会在推进《2030年可持续发展议程》所需进展方面的重要合作伙伴。中国的国家政策具有坚实支撑，致力于实现更绿色、更包容的经济发展。他认为，中国可依托自身经验及在区域的战略角色，通过与其他国家合作创造协作机会，从而进一步扩大可持续发展集体行动。他进一步指出，中国积极参与区域和次区域政府间平台——例如亚太可持续发展论坛、东北亚地区可持续发展目标多方论坛等——通过分享最佳实践和经验教训，旨在为亚太国家（特别是最不发达国家、内陆发展中国家和小岛屿发展中国家）实现17项可持续发展目标的努力提供信息、赋能和支持。

在巴森扎布看来，中国在进一步加速能源转型方面仍存在较大空间。这包括通过扩大可再生能源和清洁技术制造业逐步减少对煤炭的依赖，加强储能解决方案，并引导资本高效流向经济可行的投资区域。同时，这一转型需要解决关键基础设施需求，包括发展新的输电线路和加强跨境电力互联以支持清洁能源整合。他强调，实现这些目标需要大量投资，并需进一步协调监管和制度框架。

巴森扎布认为，进一步推广基于自然的解决方案和发展循环经济，可能还需要从根本上转变我们对产品和服务生产、分销、消费及回收处理的思维方式。例如，从塑料制品转向玻璃生态系统，确保城乡环境清洁，这不仅需要政府和私营部门参与，也需要个人共同努力营造宜居的清洁绿色环境。他介绍说，为此，东亚和东北亚次区域办事处每年组织国际低碳城市论坛，展示区域内城市通过小型试点和大型实施项目减少碳足迹的努力。许多案例在美化城市环境的同时也展示了来自中国的实践项目。

东亚未来发展的三大课题：气候韧性、人口转型与数字治理

展望未来，巴森扎布表示东亚和东北亚正面临若干将影响我们日常生活的重大趋势。

首先是已引起广泛讨论的气候变化问题。巴森扎布指出，该区域可能面临更频繁的灾害影响。通过建设可持续、有韧性的基础设施，可以在一定程度上减缓其影响，同时降低风险冲击，但最终仍需进一步扩大规模，以最小化长期的干扰与损害。他强调，此类行动已显现积极成效，例如空气质量的改善，将在未来数十年持续惠及本区域居民健康，但相关进展仍需加速推进。

巴森扎布进一步分析，另外两大趋势虽属不同范畴，却紧密相连——当前全球多国正同时经历人口老龄化与劳动力萎缩。这反映了医疗与教育领域取得的成就，使人们得以享有更长寿命、更优质生活。然而，这也给现有劳动力带来巨大压力，需通过扩充养老及医疗体系来提升生产力，以支撑日益增长的非劳动人口。他指出，AI等数字技术的应用虽提升了生产效率，却也可能导致无法适应技术快速变化的人群被数字化进程边缘化，进而加剧数字鸿沟。同时，数据治理、存储与隐私问题已引发普遍的国家安全关切。

巴森扎布认为，在持续完善全民社会保护体系的同时，必须同等重视供给与需求侧的平衡，避免养老和医疗系统承受过重负担。推动全民健康生活、降低医疗干预需求、发展普惠医药、鼓励家庭成员灵活照护，不仅有助于增进家庭关系，也能有效控制系统成本。此外，可探索弹性工作安排、鼓励有参与意愿的老年人从事志愿服务，以保持其身心活跃状态。

他特别强调，AI与数字化转型尚处于初始阶段，其影响将深度重塑年轻一代的教育与培养方式。巴森扎布表示，中国拥有如DeepSeek等关键开源AI工具，可引领区域多边对话，推动建立符合伦理、包容普惠的AI治理框架，协同应对教育、标准、隐私及经济等亚太地区普遍关切的议题。

以下为英文原文：

Q:ESCAPhasconsistentlyemphasizedregionalcoordinatedactiontoachievetheSDGs.InEastandNortheastAsia,whatdoyouobserveasthemostcommongovernancechallengesfacedbycountriesintheirsustainabledevelopmentpolicies?Andwhatdoyouseeaspotentialwaystoaddressthesechallenges?

A:Someofthekeycommonchallengeshavebeenpolicyfragmentationacrossagenciesandlevelsofgovernment,typicallydrivenbydifferingmandatesandinsufficientcommunication.Inresponse,countrieshaveincreasinglyadoptedwhole‑of‑governmentapproaches.ThesearrangementsarealignedwiththefunctionofregionalcommissionssuchasESCAPwhichcoversthemostinclusiveintergovernmentalplatformintheAsia-Pacificregioncarryingoutworkinkeypolicyareasonsustainabledevelopment.Assuch,wehaveseveralentrypointstoworkwithESCAPmemberStatesandmulti-stakeholdersonaddressingcommonissues,includinggovernancechallenges.

Akeygovernancechallengeisensuringrobustdataforevidence-basedpolicymaking.Buildingdigitalmonitoringsystemsandclosingdatagapsareessential,requiringnotonlyaccessibledatabutalsosufficientlydisaggregatedmetrics.Producingsuchdatademandssignificanteffortfrombothlocalandnationalauthoritiesandreliesheavilyonpublictrust,particularlytopreventmisuse,whichalsohighlightstheneedforstrongdata-privacylawsandenforcement.Theseeffortsextendbeyondnationalstatisticalofficestolineministriesandagenciesresponsibleforsocial,environmentalanddata-managementfunctions,makingcoordinationdifficult.Additionalstakeholders,suchascivilsocietyandtheprivatesector,canprovidevaluable,oftenqualitativeinformationthatmustalsobeproperlyinterpretedtobecomeactionable.ESCAPsupportsgovernmentsinusingtimely,high-qualitydatatostrengthenevidence-basedgovernance,includingthroughSDGstatistics,modernizationofofficialdatasystems,bigdata,datascienceanddataintegrationinitiatives.

Otherkeyconsiderationsongovernancearisewhenchallengesaretransboundaryinnature,suchasthoseinvolvingenvironmentandconnectivity,wherejointactionmechanismsamongcountriesandrelevantstakeholdersmaybelacking.Tothisend,the2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,whichisauniversalagendaistheorganicconvergencepointthatcanhelpfacilitateconstructivedialogue.Inthiscontext,ESCAPasaneutralconvenorhasfacilitatedinitiativesontransboundaryissues.Inoursubregion,theNorth‑EastAsiaSubregionalProgrammeforEnvironmentalCooperationservesasacomprehensiveintergovernmentalcooperationframeworkamongsixcountriesincludingChinaaddressingenvironmentalchallengesinNorth-EastAsia,coveringairpollution,lowcarboncities,biodiversityandnatureconservation,marineprotectedareasanddesertificationandlanddegradation.Regionalframeworksandagreementsarekeyinreinforcingcommitmentsofcountriestoaddressgovernancechallengessuchasinstitutionalcoordinationandpolicycoherence.ESCAPhasbuiltstrongpartnershipswithcountriesimplementingregionalagreementsinAsiaandthePacificonconnectivitycoveringtrade,transport,energyanddigitalization.

InEastandNortheastAsia,akeygovernancechallengeforsustainabledevelopmentispersistentfinancingconstraints,especiallythedifficultyofmobilizingsufficient,well-alignedandpredictableresourcesforlong-termSDGimplementation.Despiterelativelystrongfiscalcapacities,publicbudgetsarepressuredbydemographicchange,climateadaptationneedsandpost-crisisrecovery,limitingsustainedinvestmentintransformativepolicies.Fragmentedfinancingacrosssectorsandgovernmentlevels,alongwithlimitedtoolstoleverageprivatecapital,furtherexacerbatestheissue.Addressingthesegapsrequiresstrongerintegratedfinancingframeworks,improvedcoordinationamongfinance,planningandlineministries,andexpandeduseofblendedfinancetoattractprivateinvestment.Attheregionallevel,ESCAPplatformscanhelpbypromotingsharedstandards,facilitatingaccesstodevelopmentandgreenfinance,andsupportingpeerlearningoninnovativeSDG-alignedfinancingsolutions.

Q:Althoughsomeenterpriseshaverecognizedtheimportanceofsustainabledevelopment,manystillviewincorporatingenvironmentalandsocialfactorsasanadditionaloperationalcostandaburden.Howdoyouthinkwecanpersuadetheprivatesectortoengagemoreinsustainabledevelopment?Whatbenefitscansustainabledevelopmentbringtobusinesses?

A:Itisimportanttorecognizethatrobustenvironmentalandsocialgovernance(ESG)frameworks,particularlywhenalignedwithsustainabledevelopmentobjectives,candeliversignificantbenefitsforcompanies,includingstart‑ups.Earlyconsiderationofcompliancerequirementsinthedesignofproductsandservicesallowsfirmstoanticipateevolvingregulatoryexpectationsandreducefuturetransitionrisks.AcrossEastAsiaandglobally,governmentsandmultinationalcorporationshavesignificantlyexpandedESGdisclosurerequirements,coveringareassuchaslabourprotections,carbonemissions,andsustainability‑relatedtaxation.Companiesthatproactivelyplanfortheseobligationsarebetterpositionedtomaintainmarketaccess,bothdomesticallyandinternationally,byminimizingcompliance‑relateddisruptionstosalesandoperations.

Beyondriskmitigation,ESGcompliancecanalsoenhancecompanies’reputationalvalueandcompetitivenesswithinsupplychains.Firmsthatadoptrecognizedstandardsandcertificationsaremorelikelytobecomepreferredortrustedsuppliersforlargercompaniesseekingstable,resilient,andtransparentsupplynetworks.Strongcompliancewithdisclosureandsustainabilityframeworkscanthereforesupportmorestablerevenuestreamsandlong‑termgrowth.Policytoolsandmarketmechanisms—suchasgreenpublicprocurement,tradeandcertificationecosystems,andinternationalISOstandards—caneitherenableorconstraincorporategrowth,dependingonafirm'slevelofalignment.Inaddition,inseveralcountries,financialinstitutionsincreasinglyofferpreferentialfinancingconditions,includinglowerinterestratesorimprovedaccesstocapital,tocompaniesthatdemonstratecompliancewithrecognizedESGstandards.

ESCAPengagesbusinessasapartnerinachievingsustainabledevelopmentthroughtheESCAPSustainableBusinessNetwork(ESBN)anditstaskforcesandfacilitatespublicandprivatesectordialoguethroughtheAsia-PacificBusinessForum(APBF).ESBNconsistsofexecutivesandrepresentativesofleadingbusinessesinawiderangeofindustriesandsectorsfromacrosstheAsia-Pacificregion.Thenetworkwasabletobrokerthe"Asia-PacificGreenDealforBusiness"initiativewhichdemonstratetheconvictionthatbusinessesmusttakealeadingroleinthegreentransformationoftheregion.

Q:HowdoyouassessChina'sprogressinthefieldofsustainabledevelopment?WhatsuggestionsdoyouhaveforChinatoachievegreenerandmoreinclusiveeconomicdevelopmentinthefuture?

A:SustainabledevelopmentisapolicypriorityforChinaandthecountryhasbeenmakingsignificantstridesinachievingtheSustainableDevelopmentGoals(SDGs).Forinstance,China'scommitmenttocarbonpeakingby2030andcarbonneutralityby2060providesatransformativepathwaytoraisetheclimateactionambition.

ThereisalsothehistoriceradicationofextremepovertyinChina,anditscontinuedeffortsatimprovingsocialqualityoflifewithinthecountry,takingintoaccountthechangingfamilydynamics,suchasincreasingresponsivenesstogenderissuesandtheongoingdemographictransitiontoanolderpopulation.

ChinahasbeenalongstandingpartnerofESCAPinadvancingmuchneededprogressinthe2030AgendaonSustainableDevelopment.Chinahasstronganchorsinitsnationalpoliciesonachievinggreenerandmoreinclusiveeconomicdevelopment.Chinacouldleveragefromitsexperiencesandstrategicroleintheregionbyengagingwithothercountriesincreatingopportunitiesforcollaborationtofurtheramplifysustainabledevelopmentcollectiveaction.Inthisregard,Chinahasactivelyengagedinregionalandsubregionalintergovernmentalplatformswhichaimtoinform,empower,andsupportAsia-Pacificcountries(especiallyleastdevelopedcountries,landlockeddevelopingcountriesandsmallislanddevelopingStates)intheireffortstoachievethe17SDGsbysharingbestpracticesandlessonslearned.TheseincludetheAsia-PacificForumonSustainableDevelopment(APFSD)aswellastheEastandNorth-EastAsiaMulti-StakeholderForumontheImplementationoftheSustainableDevelopmentGoals.

However,thereremainsconsiderablescopetofurtheracceleratetheenergytransition.Thisincludessupportingagradualshiftawayfromcoalthroughtheexpansionofrenewableenergyandclean-technologymanufacturing,strengtheningenergystoragesolutions,andfacilitatingtheefficientmovementofcapitaltoregionswheresuchinvestmentsareeconomicallyviable.Atthesametime,thistransitionwillrequireaddressingcriticalinfrastructureneeds,includingthedevelopmentofnewtransmissionlinesandenhancedcross-borderpowerinterconnectivitytosupportcleanenergyintegration.Achievingthiswillentailsignificantinvestment,alongsidegreateralignmentofregulatoryandinstitutionalframeworks.

Thefurtherpromotionofnature-basedsolutionsaswellasthecirculareconomymayalsorequirestructuralshiftsinthinkinginhowwedealwiththeproduction,distribution,consumptionandcollectionfordisposalofproductsandservices.Thisinvolves,forexample,theshiftawayfromplasticstoforexampleaglassecosystem,ensuringcleanstreetsandruralspaces,whichinvolvesnotonlygovernmentsandprivatesectorparticipationbutalsotheeffortsofindividualstoparticipateinprovidingacleanandgreenenvironmentthattheywouldliketolivein.Tothisend,ourofficeatENEAorganizesanannualInternationalLowCarbonCitiesForumthatshowcaseseffortsacrosstheregionbycitiesthroughsmallpilotsandlargescaleimplementationofeffortstoimplementsolutionsatreducingthecarbonfootprintofcitieswhileinmanycasesalsobeautifyingcitiesforresidents,whichalsoshowcasesprojectsfromChina.

Thiswillrequirelifelonglearning,education,andinsomecases,thechangeoflifestylehabits.Suchculturalchangesaretypicallynotfastandrequiresconcertedeffortsbyalltoachievelastingprogress,butIbelievethatpilotprojectsthatwedoseeareencouragingastothefutureofsustainabledevelopmentinChina.

Q:WhatmegatrendsdoyoubelievewillimpactthesocialdevelopmentofEastandNortheastAsiainthefuture(e.g.,agingpopulations,AIdevelopment,etc.)?WhatfurthereffortsdoyouthinkareneededtoachievetheUN2030Agenda?

A:ThereareseveralmegatrendsongoingthatwillimpactEastandNorth-eastAsia,severalofwhichwearealreadyexperiencinginhowweconductourdailylives.

Thefirstisofcoursesomethingwearealreadytalkingaboutwhichisclimatechangeandthepotentialforincreasedimpactsofdisastersthatmaytakeplaceintheregion.Thiscanbesomewhatsloweddownthroughtheimplementationofsustainableandresilientinfrastructure;whilealsomitigatingrisksimpactsbutissomethingweultimatelyneedtoscalefurthertominimizelongertermdisruptionsandimpacts.Wealreadyseesomepositivesfromactionhere,suchashavingcleanerair,whichwillalsotranslatetobetterhealthoutcomesforresidentsintheregionoverthedecadesaheadbutshouldcontinuetoaccelerateprogress.

Thenexttwomegatrendsaresomewhatcloselylinkedtogetherdespiteoccupyingverydifferentcategories,asyoumayknowmuchoftheworldisexperiencingbothageingandshrinkingworkforces,whichshowsthesuccessesofhealthcareandeducationinensuringthatpeopleareabletolivelongerandmorecomfortablelives.However,thisplacessignificantstressontheexistingworkforcetobecomemoreproductiveinsupportingthegrowingpopulationthroughanexpandedpensionsandhealthcaresystem.Tothatend,wehaveseenproductivitygainsthroughtheincreasinguseofdigitaltechnologiessuchasartificialintelligence,however,attheriskofdigitallydisplacingpeoplewhoareunabletokeepupwiththeconstantchangesintechnology.Thisrisksfurtherexacerbatingthedigitaldivideandaswehaveseen,therearealsoconcernsaroundnationalsecurityoverdatagovernance,storageandprivacy.

Whilefurtherprogressinensuringadequatesocialprotectionforallisnecessary,itisalsojustasimportanttoworkonthesupplyanddemandsideoftheequation,ensuringthatoverallcoststothepensionsandhealthcaresystemsarenotoverwhelmed.Effortsensuringpeopleliveoverallhealthierlivesthatrequirelessmedicalintervention,cheapermedications,andabilityforfamilymemberstoflexiblycareforeachothercancontributetobetterrelationships,whilealsokeepingcostsforthesystemundercontrol.Flexibleworkingarrangements,volunteerismforpeoplestillinterestedinmaintainingactivelivescanalsobeconsidered,whilealsoensuringtheystaymentallyandphysicallyactive.

Furthermore,theAIanddigitaltransitionisonlyatthebeginningstagesandislikelytoalsoimpactthewayweeducateandtraintheyoungergenerations.Tothatend,ChinawithkeyopensourceAItoolssuchasDeepSeek,canhelptoguidethemultilateralconversationintheregiononhowwecanachieveethicalandinclusivegovernancearoundAItools,whichalsoincludestheeducation,standards,privacyandeconomicissuesthatarehighlyprevalenttoallacrosstheAsia-Pacificregion.