根据《中华人民共和国国际海运条例》,经国务院批准,交通运输部发布《交通运输部关于对美船舶收取船舶特别港务费的公告》,决定将于2025年10月14日起对涉美船舶收取船舶特别港务费,这是维护中国产业、企业合法权益和国际航运公平竞争环境的正当举措。
In accordance with the International Maritime Transportation Regulations of the People's Republic of China and with the approval of the State Council, the Ministry of Transport has issued the Announcement on Imposing Special Port Dues on U.S.-Related Vessels. Effective from October 14, 2025, special port dues will be levied on vessels involved in U.S. trade. This measure is a legitimate action to safeguard the lawful rights and interests of Chinese industries and enterprises, as well as to ensure a fair competitive environment in international shipping.
中美贸易战自2018年爆发以来,经历了多次波动和变化,伴随着科技、经济、国际政治等多维度的博弈。尽管在过去的几个月中,双方曾出现短暂的“休战”局面,但在特朗普政府的再次推动下,中美贸易冲突再度升级,特别是稀土管制、技术出口管制和航运费用等关键领域引发了全球关注。
Since its eruption in 2018, the Sino–U.S. trade war has experienced repeated waves of turbulence, intertwined with multi-dimensional games involving technology, economics and international politics. Although the past few months saw a brief “truce”, the Trump Administration has once again pushed the conflict to a new level. Especially rare-earth export controls, technology-export restrictions and shipping surcharges have drawn world-wide attention.
作为一名跨境律师,笔者深感中美两国在全球经济中的互依关系和竞争态势。这篇文章拟详细分析中美贸易战的当前局势、核心问题、主要矛盾及其法律影响,力求为相关企业和投资者提供深入的法律洞察和应对策略。
As a cross-border attorney, I deeply feel the mutual dependence and simultaneous rivalry between the two largest economies. This article dissects the current situation, core issues, principal contradictions and legal consequences of the trade war, aiming to provide companies and investors with in-depth legal insight and workable response strategies.
一、中美贸易战:从“休战”到“升级”From “Truce” to Escalation
1.1贸易战的背景与初期阶段Background and opening phase
中美贸易战的起点可以追溯到2018年,当时特朗普政府决定对中国商品征收高额关税,理由是“中国的贸易行为被认为存在不公平竞争、知识产权侵犯、技术转移等问题”。这场贸易战在最初的几轮加征关税、贸易谈判、以及关税豁免和撤销中曲折进行。
The starting point of the Sino-US trade war can be traced back to 2018, when the Trump administration decided to impose high tariffs on Chinese goods, on the grounds that "China's trade practices were deemed to involve unfair competition, intellectual-property infringement, technology transfer, and other issues." This trade war proceeded tortuously through the initial rounds of tariff hikes, trade negotiations, and the granting and revocation of tariff exemptions.
中国方面,虽然采取了部分反制措施,但总体上表现出“战略耐心”,希望通过谈判和磋商化解双方的分歧。例如,针对美国的关税措施,中国采取了反制关税的手段,主要集中在农产品和汽车等领域。然而,尽管双方在不同阶段取得了一些谈判成果,但在根本性问题上的分歧始终没有得到解决。
On the Chinese side, although some countermeasures were taken, the overall posture was one of "strategic patience," hoping to resolve the differences between the two sides through talks and consultations. For example, in response to US tariff measures, China employed countervailing tariffs, mainly targeting areas such as agricultural products and automobiles. Yet despite some negotiating achievements at various stages, the fundamental differences were never resolved.
1.22025年9月的马德里谈判及其结果
The Madrid talks, September 2025
2025年9月的马德里谈判曾为中美关系带来一线曙光。在此次谈判中,双方就部分争议问题达成了初步共识,并且中美两国元首进行了电话会谈,为进一步的对话铺平了道路。
The September 2025 Madrid talks offered a brief glimmer of hope: negotiators sketched preliminary consensus on several disputes, and a follow-up phone call between the two presidents appeared to reopen the path to dialogue.
尽管如此,美国在谈判后采取了对中国新一轮的制裁措施,其中包括对中国企业的技术出口管制、扩大实体清单、对中国航运征收额外港口费用等。特朗普政府此举表明,美国并未真正放松对中国的战略打压,而是将这一战略继续推进。
Yet within days Washington rolled out a fresh package of sanctions—tighter technology-export controls on Chinese firms, an expanded Entity List, and new surcharges on Chinese-flag vessels calling at U.S. ports—demonstrating that the Trump administration had no intention of easing its strategic squeeze and was, instead, accelerating it.
二、中方的反制措施China's Countermeasures
2.1稀土出口管制Rare Earth Export Controls
中方的反制措施是对美国对中国出口管制的回应,其中最为引人注目的便是稀土出口管制。稀土是现代高科技和国防工业不可或缺的原材料,尤其在半导体、电动汽车、电池等产业中具有关键作用。中国在全球稀土市场中占据着主导地位,因此,这一反制措施具有极大的战略意义。
China's countermeasures are a response to the U.S. export controls on China, with the most striking being the rare earth export controls. Rare earth elements are indispensable raw materials in modern high-tech and defense industries, particularly in sectors such as semiconductors, electric vehicles, and batteries. China holds a dominant position in the global rare earth market, making this countermeasure highly strategic.
2025年10月9日,中国实施了针对美国的稀土出口新限制,这不仅包括了对部分关键稀土元素(如钕、镝等)的出口限制,还影响了美国高科技产业的关键供应链。这一举措显示出中国的反制措施并非所谓的报复性行动,而是对美国多年来“长臂管辖”政策的有力回应。
On October 9, 2025, China implemented new export restrictions on rare earths targeting the U.S. These measures include export restrictions on some key rare earth elements such as neodymium and dysprosium, affecting the critical supply chains of U.S. high-tech industries. This move demonstrates that China's countermeasures are not so called retaliatory actions but a robust response to the U.S.'s long-standing "long-arm jurisdiction" policy.
2.2航运反制与对等措施
Shipping Countermeasures and Reciprocal Measures
同样重要的还有中方在航运领域的反制措施。2025年10月8日,中国修改了《海商法》,为实施对美国船舶征收特殊港口费用铺平了道路。根据新的规定,2025年10月14日起,中国将对所有美国船舶征收额外费用,进一步加剧了两国在航运方面的摩擦。这一举措不仅对美国的航运产业造成了直接影响,也加剧了全球供应链的紧张局势。
Equally significant are China's countermeasures in the shipping sector. On October 8, 2025, China amended the *Maritime Code*, paving the way for the imposition of special port fees on U.S. vessels. According to the new regulations, starting from October 14, 2025, China will impose additional charges on all U.S. vessels, further exacerbating tensions between the two countries in the shipping domain. This move not only directly impacts the U.S. shipping industry but also heightens global supply chain tensions.
2.2高通反垄断调查
Qualcomm Antitrust Investigation
另一个中方反制的措施是针对美国高通公司收购以色列汽车芯片设计公司Autotalks一案的反垄断调查。2025年10月10日,中国市场监督管理总局发布公告,因高通未依法申报经营者集中,涉嫌违反《中华人民共和国反垄断法》,对高通开展立案调查。这一反制措施进一步强化了中方在经济领域的主动性和反击力度。
Another countermeasure from China is the antitrust investigation into U.S. company Qualcomm's acquisition of Israeli automotive chip design firm Autotalks. On October 10, 2025, China's State Administration for Market Regulation announced an investigation into Qualcomm for failing to legally declare the merger, in violation of the Anti-Monopoly Law of the People's Republic of China. This countermeasure further strengthens China's proactive stance in the economic sphere and enhances its ability to retaliate.
三、特朗普政府的政策逻辑与中国的应对The Policy Logic of the Trump Administration and China's Response
3.1特朗普政府的对华战略The Trump Administration's Strategy Towards China
特朗普政府在对华政策上,一方面通过关税、出口管制、制裁等手段持续打压中国的技术发展,另一方面又通过外交途径试图通过谈判获取更多的谈判筹码。特朗普政府所实施的“遏制战略”不仅仅是经济上的博弈,实际上还包含了对中国技术和军事领域的“战略脱钩”策略。
The Trump administration's policy toward China has involved both economic measures, such as tariffs, export controls, and sanctions, and diplomatic efforts to gain leverage through negotiations. The "containment strategy" implemented by the Trump administration is not just an economic competition; it also includes a "strategic decoupling" of China from technology and military sectors.
从法律角度来看,美国政府不断通过扩大技术出口管制、实体清单的更新等措施加大对中国企业的限制力度,这些政策的出台不仅影响了中美两国的商业环境,也对全球供应链、国际贸易规则产生了深远影响。
From a legal perspective, the U.S. government has consistently increased restrictions on Chinese companies through expanded technology export controls and updates to the entity list. These policies have not only impacted the business environments of both China and the U.S. but also had far-reaching effects on global supply chains and international trade rules.
此外,中国的反制还具有“条件反射”效应。在过去的对抗中,美国往往将制裁和技术封锁视为理所当然,但通过一系列反制措施,中国正在促使美国在对待中方时更加谨慎,避免过度依赖单方面的贸易手段。
Furthermore, China's countermeasures also exhibit a "reflexive" effect. In past confrontations, the U.S. often took sanctions and technology blockades as a given, but through these countermeasures, China is compelling the U.S. to be more cautious in its dealings with China and to avoid overly relying on unilateral trade measures.
四、对美国的战略分析:为何特朗普政府频繁对华出招Strategic Analysis of the U.S.: Why the Trump Administration Frequently Targets China
4.1特朗普政府背后的战略考量Strategic Considerations Behind the Trump Administration's Actions
特朗普政府之所以频繁对华出招,其背后的核心战略是确保美国在全球经济中的领导地位。特别是在科技和军事领域的竞争中,特朗普政府将中国视为美国未来发展的主要竞争对手。这种竞争不仅仅体现在贸易层面,更关乎全球技术生态的主导权。
The core strategy behind the Trump administration's frequent actions against China is to ensure the U.S.'s leadership in the global economy. In particular, in the competition in the technology and military sectors, the Trump administration views China as the primary competitor to U.S. development in the future. This competition is not limited to trade; it also concerns global technological ecosystems and the dominance of the future technological landscape.
4.2经济和政治的双重压力
Economic and Political Dual Pressures
在特朗普政府推动的对华政策中,不仅仅有经济利益的考量,还有国内政治因素的影响。特朗普的政策在一定程度上是对国内对中国竞争力日益上升的恐惧和不安的回应。随着美国国内对于中国崛起的恐慌不断加剧,特朗普通过加大对华经济压力,进一步稳固自己的政治支持基础。
In the Trump administration's policies towards China, there are not only economic considerations but also domestic political factors at play. Trump's policies are, to some extent, a response to the growing fear and unease among U.S. citizens about China's rising competitiveness. As domestic fear over China's rise increases, Trump has escalated economic pressure on China to further solidify his political support base.
4.3政治与经济的博弈
The Political and Economic Struggle
特朗普政府的对华政策是一种典型的政治和经济博弈。在与中国的竞争中,美国不断强化自己的技术壁垒和市场壁垒,试图通过对中方实施更多的贸易制裁和技术封锁,推动自身在全球经济和科技产业中的地位。
The Trump administration's policy towards China is a typical case of a political and economic struggle. In the competition with China, the U.S. has continuously reinforced its technological and market barriers, attempting to bolster its position in the global economy and technology sectors through further trade sanctions and technology blockades.
五、法律视角下的中美贸易战:企业如何应对The Trade War from a Legal Perspective: How Enterprises Should Respond
5.1跨境合规与风险管理Cross-Border Compliance and Risk Management
在中美贸易战背景下,跨境企业需要高度重视合规性问题。尤其是在出口管制、知识产权保护、反垄断法规等领域,企业不仅要了解各国的法律规定,还要能够应对突发的政策变化。通过建立有效的风险管理机制,企业可以尽可能降低法律风险和合规风险。
In the context of the trade war, cross-border enterprises must prioritize compliance issues. Especially in areas such as export controls, intellectual property protection, and antitrust regulations, companies need to understand the laws of different countries and be prepared to adapt to sudden policy changes. By establishing effective risk management mechanisms, companies can mitigate legal and compliance risks.
5.2中国企业的应对策略
Response Strategies for Chinese Enterprises
中国企业在面对美国的制裁时,首先要做的是了解美国及国际法规对自己的影响,及时调整业务战略。其次,加强对全球供应链的监控和管理,避免对单一市场或单一供应商的过度依赖,以应对美国的“长臂管辖”。在合规方面,企业应聘请跨境法律专家,做好国际合同的风险防范,并加强对跨境知识产权的保护。
Chinese enterprises, in the face of U.S. sanctions, must first understand the impact of U.S. and international regulations on their business and adjust their business strategies accordingly. Second, they should strengthen the monitoring and management of their global supply chains to avoid over-reliance on a single market or supplier, to counteract the U.S.'s "long-arm jurisdiction". On compliance, companies should hire cross-border legal experts to help prevent risks in international contracts and enhance protection for cross-border intellectual property.
5.3美国企业的应对策略Response Strategies for U.S. Enterprises
对于美国企业而言,如何在美国政府的政策压力下,保持与中国企业的合作是一个挑战。美国企业需要在政府政策的框架内,平衡经济利益和法律合规。特别是在涉及中国市场的投资和供应链时,美国企业应注重与中国的法律环境和政策要求进行紧密对接。与此同时,企业应评估在不同市场的法律合规性,并根据当前国际形势采取灵活应对策略。例如,企业可能需要调整其在中国的供应链管理,避免被卷入对中国企业的制裁措施。
For U.S. companies, maintaining cooperation with Chinese enterprises under the pressure of U.S. government policies is a challenge. U.S. companies need to balance economic interests with legal compliance within the framework of government policies. Particularly when investing in or sourcing from China, U.S. companies must closely align with China's legal environment and policy requirements. At the same time, companies should assess the legal compliance in different markets and adopt flexible response strategies based on the current international situation. For instance, businesses may need to adjust their supply chain management in China to avoid being caught up in sanctions against Chinese companies.
5.4跨境交易的法律防范与策略Legal Prevention and Strategies in Cross-Border Transactions
在当前的国际贸易环境中,企业跨境交易所面临的法律风险不断增加,尤其是在涉及中美两国的交易中。跨境交易不仅仅是产品和服务的交换,更是多个法律体系和规则的互动。在这种情况下,企业必须采取一系列预防性措施以降低法律风险。
In the current international trade environment, companies face increasing legal risks in cross-border transactions, especially in transactions involving China and the U.S. Cross-border transactions are not just exchanges of products and services; they involve the interaction of multiple legal systems and regulations. In this context, companies must take a series of preventive measures to reduce legal risks.
首先,企业应评估并识别交易中可能遇到的法律风险,例如合规审查、出口管制、知识产权保护等问题。其次,建议企业在跨境交易中引入具有国际视野的法律顾问,以确保交易符合各国的法律法规。在合同签署之前,企业应就交易条款进行细致讨论,确保合同具有完整的法律条款,并提前规定可能的争议解决机制。
First, companies should assess and identify potential legal risks in transactions, such as compliance review, export control, intellectual property protection, and so on. Next, it is advisable for companies to involve legal counsel with an international perspective to ensure that transactions comply with the laws of various countries. Before signing contracts, companies should engage in detailed discussions about the terms of the transaction to ensure that the contract includes comprehensive legal provisions and establishes a dispute resolution mechanism in advance.
最后,企业还应采取适当的风险转移措施,如通过保险、担保等方式分担潜在风险。
Finally, companies should also implement appropriate risk transfer measures, such as using insurance or guarantees to share potential risks.
六、中美贸易战对全球经济的影响Impact of the Trade War on the Global Economy
6.1全球供应链的重组
Reshaping Global Supply Chains
中美贸易战对全球供应链产生了深远的影响。由于关税、出口管制和投资限制等措施,许多企业不得不重新考虑其供应链布局。中国作为全球制造业的重要基地,长期以来为世界各地提供了廉价的劳动力和原材料。但随着美国对中国制造业的压制,全球供应链正在发生深刻变化。
The Sino-U.S. trade war has had a profound impact on global supply chains. Due to tariffs, export controls, and investment restrictions, many companies have had to reconsider their supply chain layouts. China, as a key global manufacturing hub, has long provided cheap labor and raw materials for businesses around the world. However, with the U.S. suppressing Chinese manufacturing, global supply chains are undergoing significant changes.
例如,美国在全球范围内采取高额关税,使得一些美国企业选择将生产线迁出中国,转而寻求在东南亚、印度等地设立新的生产基地。与此同时,一些全球供应链依赖于中国的高科技行业,如半导体、电子产品等,也面临着巨大的压力,特别是在中美贸易战持续加剧的背景下,全球半导体供应链的脆弱性被暴露出来。
For example, the U.S. has implemented high tariffs globally, causing some U.S. companies to move their production lines out of China and seek new production bases in Southeast Asia, India, and other regions. Meanwhile, some global supply chains that rely on China's high-tech industries, such as semiconductors and electronics, are also facing immense pressure, particularly with the intensification of the Sino-U.S. trade war, which has exposed vulnerabilities in the global semiconductor supply chain.
6.2技术与贸易壁垒的加剧
Intensification of Technology and Trade Barriers
除了传统的贸易关税之外,中美之间的科技竞争和技术封锁对全球经济也构成了重大挑战。美国政府对中国高科技企业(如华为、中兴、字节跳动等)的制裁,限制了中国在全球科技市场的竞争力,这一举措对全球科技产业链的运作产生了深远影响。
Beyond traditional trade tariffs, the technological competition and technology blockades between China and the U.S. also pose a significant challenge to the global economy. U.S. sanctions on Chinese high-tech companies such as Huawei, ZTE, and ByteDance have restricted China's competitiveness in the global technology market, and these measures have had far-reaching impacts on the operation of global tech industry chains.
与此同时,中国也采取了反制措施,例如,中国加大了对技术的出口管制力度,尤其在半导体、人工智能等领域,实施了更为严格的监管措施。全球范围内的技术合作也因此受到了影响,尤其是涉及到高端制造、人工智能、大数据等前沿科技的合作和投资。
At the same time, China has also retaliated by increasing its export controls, particularly in fields such as semiconductors and artificial intelligence, and implementing stricter regulatory measures. This has affected global technology cooperation, especially in areas such as high-end manufacturing, artificial intelligence, and big data.
6.3国际金融体系的波动
Fluctuations in the International Financial System
中美贸易战对全球金融市场也产生了明显影响。随着全球贸易的不确定性加剧,国际资本市场出现了较大波动。尤其是股市和外汇市场,经常因中美贸易摩擦的消息而产生剧烈波动。
The Sino-U.S. trade war has also had a noticeable impact on global financial markets. As global trade uncertainty intensifies, international capital markets have experienced significant fluctuations, particularly in the stock and foreign exchange markets, which are often affected by news of the Sino-U.S. trade friction.
另外,美国加大对中国企业的制裁力度,使得中资企业在国际资本市场的融资成本增加。由于美国的金融制裁和对外汇交易的管控,许多中国企业面临着更高的资本成本和融资难题。与此同时,国际投资者也更加谨慎,资金流动性受到一定影响,导致一些新兴市场国家面临资本外流的压力。
Moreover, the increased sanctions on Chinese companies have raised the financing costs for Chinese enterprises in international capital markets. Due to U.S. financial sanctions and controls on foreign exchange transactions, many Chinese companies are facing higher capital costs and financing difficulties. Meanwhile, international investors are also becoming more cautious, affecting the liquidity of funds and causing some emerging market countries to face capital outflows.
七未来展望:中美贸易战的走势与企业应对
Future Outlook: The Course of the Sino-U.S. Trade War and Corporate Responses
7.1政治和经济的双向博弈
The Two-Way Game of Politics and Economics
中美贸易战的未来走势充满不确定性。特朗普政府虽然在面对中国崛起时采取了强硬的贸易政策,但美国国内也面临着经济放缓、民众不满等一系列问题。
The future trajectory of the Sino-US trade war is full of uncertainty. Although the Trump administration adopted tough trade policies in the face of China’s rise, the United States also faces a series of domestic problems such as economic slowdown and public discontent.
中国方面则展示出强大的韧性和反制能力,不仅加强了对美国经济制裁的应对,还通过扩大与其他国家的经贸合作,分散贸易风险。未来几年,中美两国可能会继续在高科技领域、全球市场准入等方面展开博弈。
On the Chinese side, it has demonstrated strong resilience and countermeasure capabilities, not only strengthening its response to US economic sanctions, but also dispersing trade risks by expanding economic and trade cooperation with other countries. In the coming years, China and the United States may continue to compete in areas such as high technology and global market access.
7.2全球经济的重构:多极化趋势加速
Reconfiguration of the Global Economy: Acceleration of Multipolarity
中美贸易战的影响不仅限于两国,它还推动了全球经济的多极化趋势。随着中美两国关系的复杂化,其他经济体,如欧盟、日本、印度等,也在不断寻求在全球市场中的更大话语权。特别是中国推动“一带一路”倡议、深化与欧亚国家的经济合作,为全球经济的多极化注入了新的动力。
The impact of the Sino-US trade war is not limited to the two countries; it has also propelled the global economy toward multipolarity. As Sino-US relations become more complex, other economies—such as the EU, Japan, and India—are constantly seeking greater say in global markets. In particular, China’s promotion of the Belt and Road Initiative and its deepening economic cooperation with Eurasian countries have injected new momentum into global multipolarity.
在这一背景下,企业需要在全球经济格局的变化中找到自己的定位。跨国公司应更加注重多元化市场布局,降低对某一市场的过度依赖。与此同时,企业在国际合规方面的要求将进一步提高,必须灵活应对各国复杂的法律环境。
Against this backdrop, enterprises need to find their own positioning amid changes in the global economic landscape. Multinational corporations should pay more attention to diversified market layouts and reduce excessive dependence on any single market. At the same time, international compliance requirements for enterprises will further increase, and they must flexibly cope with the complex legal environments of various countries.
7.3跨境法律服务的需求增长
Growing Demand for Cross-Border Legal Services
随着中美贸易战的持续,跨境法律服务的需求将进一步增长。无论是对中国企业的国际合规、知识产权保护,还是对美国企业的全球投资策略、反垄断合规,跨境律师在其中发挥着至关重要的作用。企业在面对复杂的国际法、贸易政策、反制措施时,需要更多的法律支持,帮助其在复杂的全球经济环境中保持竞争力。
As the Sino-US trade war continues, demand for cross-border legal services will further grow. Whether for Chinese enterprises’ international compliance and intellectual-property protection, or for US enterprises’ global investment strategies and antitrust compliance, cross-border lawyers play a vital role. When confronted with complex international laws, trade policies, and countermeasures, enterprises need more legal support to help them maintain competitiveness in the intricate global economic environment.
跨境律师不仅需要提供法律咨询,还要帮助企业制定战略,应对突发的法律风险。这要求跨境律师不仅要精通本国的法律体系,还要对国际法律规则和全球经济动态具有深刻的理解。
Cross-border lawyers must not only provide legal advice but also help enterprises formulate strategies and cope with sudden legal risks. This requires cross-border lawyers to be proficient in their own legal systems and to have a profound understanding of international legal rules and global economic dynamics.
结语Conclusion中美贸易战不仅是经济博弈,更是政治、法律、技术和战略多维度的冲突。从全球经济的角度来看,这场博弈对国际贸易规则、供应链结构和全球资本市场等方面都产生了深远影响。作为跨境律师,我们必须深刻理解中美贸易战的背景、当前局势和未来趋势,为企业提供更加精细化的法律服务,帮助其在复杂多变的国际环境中实现长期稳定的发展。
The Sino-US trade war is not only an economic game but also a multi-dimensional conflict involving politics, law, technology, and strategy. From the perspective of the global economy, this game has exerted far-reaching influence on international trade rules, supply-chain structures, and global capital markets. As cross-border lawyers, we must deeply understand the background, current situation, and future trends of the Sino-US trade war, provide more refined legal services for enterprises, and help them achieve long-term and stable development in a complex and ever-changing international environment.
在这一过程中,跨境律师的角色不再是单纯的法律顾问,而是成为全球经济和贸易规则中的重要推动者和调解者。随着中美贸易战的不断演变,跨境法律服务也将在未来几年迎来前所未有的挑战和机遇。
In this process, the role of cross-border lawyers is no longer merely that of legal advisers; they have become important promoters and mediators of global economic and trade rules. As the Sino-US trade war continues to evolve, cross-border legal services will also face unprecedented challenges and opportunities in the coming years.