1. 地名简写如果要把每个国家的名称完整的记录下来．会很费时间。因此，常用国名的记录
方法应常记心中，比如 K=Korea, SD= Sweden, SW=Switzerland 等等。有时还可
以借助“－”来表示东、西、南、北、中等方位。例如：the Republic of Korea(ROK，
南朝鲜)，表示为“－K”; 相应的 the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea（DPRK，
北朝鲜）, 就可以表示为“K－”, Central London,表示为 LD。Western Europe
（西欧）表示为“|EU”，Eastern Germany (东德)表示为“G|”。
2. 缩略词英语当中缩略词使用的频率很高，如 IMP: important, ASAP: as soon as possible。
缩略词的写法一般为四种方式：
1) 拿掉所有元音
MKT: market
MGR: manager
MSG: message
STD: standard
RCV: receive
2) 保留前几个字母
INFO-information
INS-insurance
EXCH-exchange
I owe you-IOU
In stead of-I/O
3) 保留开头和结尾个发音字母
WK -week
RM-room
PL-people
4) 根据发音
R-are
THO-though
THRU-through
5) 听力常用英语缩略词表（缩略词/原词）
APT-Apartment
ACC-Accountant
ACDG-According
ACPT-Accept
AD-Advertisement
ADS-Address
ADV-Advice
AMAP-As much/many as possible
AMT-Amount
BAL-Balance
BLDG-Building
CERT-Certificate
CMPE-Compete/competitive
CMU-Communication
3. 数学符号+ 表示“多”:many, lots of, a great deal of, a good many of, etc.
++(+2) 表示“多”的比较级：more
+ 表示“多”的最高级：most
－ 表示“少”: little, few, lack, in short of/ be in shortage of etc.
× 表示“错误”、“失误”和“坏”的概念：wrong/incorrect，something bad，notorious，
negative, etc.
> 表示“多于”概念：bigger/larger/greater/more than/better than, etc.
表示“高”概念：superior to，surpass, etc.
< 表示“少于”概念：less/smaller，etc.
表示“低”概念：inferior to，etc.
= 表示“同等”概念：means，that is to say，in other words，the same as，be equal
to, etc.
表示“对手”概念：a match, rival, competitor, counterpart, etc.
( ) 表示“在......之间”：among, within, etc.
≠ 表示“不同”概念：be different from, etc.
表示“无敌”概念：matchless, peerless, etc.
～ 表示“大约”概念：about/around，or so，approximately, etc.
/ 表示“否定”，“消除”等概念：cross out, eliminate, etc.
4. 标点等
: 表示各种各样“说”的动词：say, speak, talk, marks, announce, declare, etc.
? 表示“问题”：question，issue，例如：台湾问题：tw?
. (dot)这个“.”点的位置不同表示的概念也不一样
“.d” 表示 yesterday,
“.y” 表示 last year,
“.2m”表示 two month ago。
wk 表示 week
“y” 表示 this year,
“y2.” two year later
“next week”, 可以表示为“wk.”
∧ 表示转折 but, yet, however
√ 表示“好的”状态，right/good，famous/well-known，etc.
表示“同意”状态，stand up for, support, agree with sb, certain/ affirmative, etc.
☆ 表示“重要的”状态：important，exemplary（模范的）best，outstanding，brilliant，
etc.
n 表示“交流”状态：exchange，mutual, etc.
& 表示“和”，“与”：and，together with，along with，accompany，along with，
further more, etc.
∥ 表示“结束”：end，stop，halt，bring sth. to a standstill/stop, etc.
5. 以下各符号均可在记录中代替文字
equal: =
boost, improve, enhance, strengthen :↑
plus: +
minus: —
times: x
divided by: ÷
degree: ℃
percent: %
per thousand:
between: |.|
because, because of, due to: ∵
therefore, so, as a result, consequently: ∴
plus or minus: ±
versus, the ratio of, divided by : ：
so on, etc, and so forth : …
is (much) greater/bigger/larger/faster/quicker/heavier/older than; superior to, surpass:>
is (much) less/smaller/lighter/younger/fewer/inferior to/worse than: <
varies as, in direct proportion to: ∝或∞
parallel, is parallel to: ‖
right angle: ∟
perpendicular, is perpendicular to: ⊥
circle, circumference: ○
ellipse: 0
diameter: θ
triangle, delta: △
pressure, influence:⊥(竖线为向下箭头)
approximately, about, nearly, around, almost: ≈
as always, 一直，总是，一贯：≡
contact, exchanges: ∞
conflicts, disputes, contradictions: ><
波折：<<
win, success: V
by, with, %, in: /
as always, hold on, persist, insist on:≡
wonder, miracle: !
About: @
Relation, relationship: &
Not agree: N
Agree: Y